resistor minimum and maximum calculatorresistor minimum and maximum calculator

2 - Find Rth resistance seen from AB terminal (without Rth) or Short AB terminals and find this short circuit current Isc and calculate Rth = Vth/Isc. A higher resistor value would be OK when the switch is closed, since there would be less current, but the input voltage on the microcontroller will be lower than 4.99V. 6}qtXPGPlU&` q\&p&TJ(De0`;/`2GLwd[,:yP0^vt*Xnu:T.3A 0D|%7 TNsI[/Lc5:M@p EB|XMc2D]@Ol0`Beg5z.8o\k ipSs`| >uQF ~LW(_,a=ii) It's nearly impossible to guess coupling to nearby signals, but I'd want at least a order of magnitude margin over the minimum DC case. Resistor Tolerance. E12 and E24 series are the most common resistors, and they represent twelve resistance and 24 resistance per decade, respectively. If you need this result in another unit, you can use our watts to amps calculator. Furthermore, if youre an electrical engineer, then you should be aware that most precision resistors include five band resistors with 1% or 2% tolerance. Is this resistor wattage calculator suitable for resistors in AC circuits? To use this calculator, a user just enters the component's nominal value and either the tolerance percentage value or ppm value. Max Resistance = 22+1.1 and Min Resistance = 22-1.1 2) 6.8 kilo ohms = blue grey red gold. Do you have questions or concerns on this topic? Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. For instance, Buster Brown Races Our Young Girls But Vicky Generally Wins (this code shows the position of Brown). A 1000 resistor has a four-band colour code following a colour sequence of Brown, Black, Red and Gold. Read more about cookies. For example, if a 1K resistor Resistors usually come with regular values, such as E6, E12, E24, E48, E96, and E192. A lower value pullup makes the line lower impedance, which reduces the amount of stray signal it will pick up. Stay tuned to BYJUS and Fall in love with learning! #2. How to select series resistor for a Zener Diode, gyazo.com/b918afb5d69ed8c48e2da99d1e3318ca, gyazo.com/f55b1c3585ffc770d37510c9a9ac8cbe, The philosopher who believes in Web Assembly, Improving the copy in the close modal and post notices - 2023 edition, New blog post from our CEO Prashanth: Community is the future of AI, Using a zener diode to limit current to an IC for various input voltages. So, a resistor cannot supply power to a circuit, but instead absorbs and dissipates power. For this particular diode, you may want to set the series resistor to \$ 80~\Omega \$. To get the power dissipated by a resistor, we can begin by calculating Ohm's law: where RRR is the resistance of the resistor. Therefore a 1 M pullup is right at the margin. Since the pullup has to keep the line high, the worst case is assuming the pin looks like a 1 A current sink to ground. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. How to add double quotes around string and number pattern? This part of our tool also functions as a parallel/series resistance calculator, voltage divider calculator, and current divider calculator. A resistor color code refers to using colored bands to spot chip resistors percentage tolerance and resistive value. Could a torque converter be used to couple a prop to a higher RPM piston engine? Are you sure that both of these 2 circuits are the same? MathJax reference. What is the function of the resistor in the below circuit? One one board, a 220k pull-up is sufficient so all of the tri-states can be read by the ADC. In a series circuit, the same amount of current flows through all resistors, and power is the product of the square of the current and resistance, I2R. WBahn Joined Mar 31, 2012 28,263 Dec 9, 2015 #9 t_n_k said: This question reminded me of a few subtleties associated with the notion of tolerance. Check out 49 similar electronics and circuits calculators . A gold band represents the lowest variation, so be sure to buy these at the electronics store. Why is a "TeX point" slightly larger than an "American point"? @G36 Yes, I was on it since the last 6 hours, and I learned and practised Thevenin and Norton circuit equivalent theorems and understood. Find the Thvenin voltage and resistance as usual (with RL disconnected, looking into A and B). C is the conductivity of the material. There are two main competing requirements on the size of the pullup resistor. Selecting series resistor for a Zener diode, Use Raster Layer as a Mask over a polygon in QGIS. Electrical Engineering Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for electronics and electrical engineering professionals, students, and enthusiasts. The pushbutton is a momentary SPST (Single Pole Single Throw) switch. You can also see that the maximum current is \$ I_{\max} = 0.095~\text{A} \$. This is not Chegg. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. Let's try to use this knowledge in practice! Hence, the idea of the BS1852 code was born to ease the process of writing and printing resistance values. This means you can use our tool to calculate the power dissipated by a resistor in an AC circuit, but only if it's a purely resistive one. YA scifi novel where kids escape a boarding school, in a hollowed out asteroid, Put someone on the same pedestal as another, Mike Sipser and Wikipedia seem to disagree on Chomsky's normal form. Use the velocity addition calculator to discover that we cannot just add the velocities. The results are calculated while you type and shown directly below the calculator, so there is no need to press return or click on a Calculate button. Electrical Engineering Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for electronics and electrical engineering professionals, students, and enthusiasts. This means its resistance can be between 950,000 and 1,050,000. The band just next to the tolerance band is the multiplier band. The average power of an AC circuit is the product of the root mean square (RMS) values of the voltage across and the current from the power supply, and the power factor: Here, VRMSV_{\mathrm{RMS}}VRMS and IRMSI_{\mathrm{RMS}}IRMS denote the RMS values of voltage and current. Hi, I am Hommer Zhao, the founder of WellPCB. When the button is pressed, the two points are connected (switch is closed). Let's say your micro is specified for 1 A maximum leakage on its digital input pins. Use Raster Layer as a Mask over a polygon in QGIS. The fourth band is the tolerance and represents the worst case variation one might expect from the nominal value. 3 - To get max power transfer you need to have Rth = RL electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/377467/ Our resistor power calculator displays the equivalent resistance, the current through each resistor, the voltage drop across each resistor, and the power dissipated in each resistor! No - the circuits are not the same, they should both demonstrate the characteristic curve of the diode though. I overpaid the IRS. For example: 482 = 48 x 100 ohms = 4.8 kilo. I have an obnoxious tri-state output, that I am reading with an ADC. However, the V-I characteristic of a semiconductor is non-linear. There are two situations: tact switch open, and switch closed. How to intersect two lines that are not touching. Example 1. Real ones don't, of course, and the extent they are not ideal is usually expressed as a maximum leakage current that can either come out of or go into the pin. 5 0 obj There is another version of Ohm's law that uses the position of electrical properties within the conductor. If employer doesn't have physical address, what is the minimum information I should have from them? Q1) Determine the resistance of the given resistor with the given colour sequence (Red, Green, Red, Gold). 50k or even 100k ohms can work for many applications (but not all). Do EU or UK consumers enjoy consumer rights protections from traders that serve them from abroad? MathJax reference. That seems reasonable. Select the circuit type from the drop-down list labelled Circuit type. The units of resistance, current, voltage, and power are ohm (\mathrm{}), ampere (A\mathrm{A}A), volt (V\mathrm{V}V), and watt (W\mathrm{W}W) respectively by default. oN\.W+iK~SUzyWf=g2b.u'251av$11 f,f{r Next, use the table given below to see which digits they represent. The job of the pullup resistor is to provide a positive guaranteed high level when the switch is open, but still allow the switch to safely short the line to ground when closed. has a tolerance of 20%, this means it can deviate 20% from its 1K of resistance. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. So how much is enough? Solutions Graphing Practice; New Geometry . Must calculate the minimum and maximum resistance of the resistor having following 6 color stripes: red-violet-brown-orange-brown-yellow . So, colour bands are printed on them to represent the electrical resistance. We know from experience, or, better, because we looked it up in the datasheet that when you apply a voltage to a microcontrollers input there will only flow very little current, often less than 1\$\mu\$A. You have calculated the resistance using Ohm's law. Here is a plot of the function (arbitrary values of source resistance and voltage and range of load resistance)- power on the Y axis, load resistance on the X axis: Start with determining the theravin voltage source equivalent to points A and B, with it derived to this point, the maximum power resistance will be the same as the equivalent theravin resistance. How to calculate maximum input power on a speaker? Let's see if that's OK too when the switch is open. Max Voltage? I understood the equation to work out the series resistor to be: Which in my case would create a 101 Ohm resistor. The converse is also true, in that if the load current increases to 21mA, \$I_Z\$ will fall to 19mA. Electrical Engineering Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for electronics and electrical engineering professionals, students, and enthusiasts. An SMD resistor is one with a rectangular-shaped metal oxide film. endobj How can I detect when a signal becomes noisy? Therefor, am I selecting the correct value for the series resistor? Power rating for this resistor should be at least \$ P_R = I^2 R = 1.5~\text{W} \$. Power resistors are used for dissipating large amounts of energy as heat, as their resistance doesn't change significantly with rising temperatures. When released, they are not connected (switch is open). tolerance_percentage = 1 Voltage refers to the potential difference between two points in an electrical field. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. Microcontrollers don't inherently detect connection or disconnection. So, the design involves soldering electrical components directly on the PCB surface. External pull-ups with Atmel microcontrollers: what assumptions can be safely made about the impedance in tri-state mode? You should expect a tolerance range of 1 to 10percentif youre dealing with film resistors. Since this switch has only two states it makes sense to use a digital input, which is after all designed to be only in one of two states. How to find the power dissipated by a resistor? Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. %^O@ If you really, truly "cannot even begin" then you might consider changing your major. At the end of it all is what happens if your load fails open and \$V_S\$ is worst case high. Which of these the color refers to is dependent on the position of the color band on the resistor. Does Chain Lightning deal damage to its original target first? \$V_{Th}=6-2=4V\$, The maximum power transfers to the load resistor when \$R_{Th}=R_{L}\$ To use this tool, simply click on a particular color and number and watch how the actual bands on the resistor illustration change. How to connect multiple i2c-interface devices into a single pin A4 (SDA) and A5 (SCL) on Arduino? We would like to show you a description here but the site won't allow us. Second, are you sure that you've removed \$ R_S \$ parameter in both circuits? If Vmin=4.5 then Iz= 10mA +(100mA-90mA) =20mA. There are many tutorials that use a pull-up or pull-down resistor in conjunction with a switch to avoid a floating ground, e.g. 2 0 obj Ohm's law gives the relation between the current flowing through a conductor and the potential difference applied across its ends. In this article, let us learn what is resistance colour code, how to read resistor colour code, and examples to find resistance colour code. Now lets look at the other competing consideration, which is the current wasted when the switch is pressed. It also gives you a higher minimum guaranteed DC level against the leakage current, so there is more room between that DC level and where the digital input might interpret the result as a logic low instead of the intended logic high. Let's say it's 1\$\mu\$A. If you want to connect this diode to a voltage supply of 5 V, then you need something (a resistor) that will create a voltage drop of 3 V: R = 5 V 2 V 0.5 A = 6 Power rating for this resistor should be at least P R = I 2 R = 1.5 W. Now, you want to place some load in parallel to the Zener diode. While circuits can be highly complicated, and there are many different ways in which resistors can be arranged in a circuit, resistors in complex circuits can typically be broken down and classified as being connected in series or in parallel. Wow, thats a lot of quiescent current. Our resistor power calculator displays both the current flown through (1.25A1.25\ \mathrm{A}1.25A) and the power dissipated (156.25W156.25\ \mathrm{W}156.25W) by the resistor. For example, components that are made to military specifications are typically four-band resistors that may have a fifth band that indicates the reliability of the resistor in terms of failure rate percentage per 1000 hours of service. 3&D~!}ZI0N:LL&[On e'50 s14132sM;f8n'n'p}j:,i0'.GX/rH^;iwMF*w. The resistor color code shown in the table below involves various colors that represent significant figures, multiplier, tolerance, reliability, and temperature coefficient. 12 gauge wire for AC cooling unit that has as 30amp startup but runs on less than 10amp pull, How to intersect two lines that are not touching. According to Ohm's law, the relation between current and the applied voltage (also known as the V-I characteristic) is linear. Free functions extreme points calculator - find functions extreme and saddle points step-by-step. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. The rocket equation calculator helps you estimate the final velocity of a rocket. If you had a schematic (I think you've got it by now, don't you?) As a result, the most vital band is closest to a merging lead alongside the color bands arranged from the left side to right side like the example below: Digit, Digit, Multiplier = Color, Color x 10color (). Like we mentioned earlier, preferred values are what manufacturers use to produce resistors. Then the voltage drop across the resistor will be 1\$\mu\$A \$\times\$ 10k\$\Omega\$ = 10mV. \$R_{Th}=(\frac{1}{6k}+\frac{1}{12k})^{-1}+2k = 6k\$, Find the potentials at both the nodes connecting the \$12k\$ resistor to the rest of the circuit. you would know what type the microcontroller is. The resistor colour codes can be remembered with the help of mnemonic device BB ROY of Great Britain had a Very Good Wife, the capital letters represent the first letters of the colours and their positions the digit values. This calculator supports resistors with three, four, five, and six-colour bands and we can calculate the maximum and minimum value of these resistor . Looking for a real-life application of the Ohm's law? Also take into account that the power rating for \$ 100~\Omega \$ resistor should be at least \$ 1~\text{W} \$. The below calculator is designed to calculate the maximum power that a resistor can dissipate based on a given heat sink size and ambient conditions. For example, if you're calculating resistance and you enter in unit ohms (), this is the value which will + R n Resistance of a conductor: R = L A C Where: L is the length of the conductor A is the cross-sectional area of the conductor C is the conductivity of the material The decade shows multiples of ten. Congrats! be computed in the resultant fields. The resistor is a component that is used to limit or regulate the flow of electric current. In a typical four-band resistor, there is a spacing between the third and the fourth band to indicate how the resistor should be read (from left to right, with the lone band after the spacing being the right-most band). The current is shared / split between the 12k resistor and the Load-arm. Test your Knowledge on Resistor Colour Codes. \times\! 3 - To get max power transfer you need to have Rth = RL. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. It is the formula provided in the previous paragraph but rewritten so that you can calculate voltage on the basis of current and resistance, that is the voltage formula is the product of current and resistance. Enter 125V125\ \mathrm{V}125V in the input box for voltage. In a parallel circuit, the component with the least resistance dissipates the most power in a parallel circuit, as the voltage across resistors remains the same, and power is the product of voltage and current (VI). You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Amperage is related to the flow of electrical charge carriers, usually electrons or electron-deficient atoms. New external SSD acting up, no eject option, Two faces sharing same four vertices issues. Required fields are marked *. The first two digits indicate the resistance valuewhile the third digit is the multiplier. The resistor tolerance refers to measuring resistor variation. The line will have some stray capacitance to ground, so will exponentially decay towards the supply value instead of instantly going there. Select the number of bands, then their colors to determine the value and tolerance of the resistors or view all resistors Digi-Key has to offer. On the most precise of resistors, a 6th band may be present. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Resistors convert electrical energy into heat. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. If this unit is running off of line power or otherwise handling substantial power, a few mA won't matter. After all, you can easily print the specifications on the body of the main resistor. Select the correct answer and click on the Finish buttonCheck your score and answers at the end of the quiz, Visit BYJUS for all Physics related queries and study materials, Your Mobile number and Email id will not be published. Your happiness as a customer is my priority! When the switch is pressed, the line is forced low because the switch essentially shorts it to ground. You can calculate the maximum and minimum resistance for any resistor with a tolerance band using some simple math. @0x6d64 - You're assuming the bus is low when quiescent. Circuit Board Fabrication and PCB Assembly Turnkey Services WellPCB - Circuit Board Fabrication and PCB Assembly Turnkey Services, 3rd Floor, Nanhai Plaza, NO. For speed sensitive circuits, use a lower value. No. You can remember the colour code values using the following mnemonic: BBROYof Great Britain had a Very Good Wife. This means its resistance can be between 950,000 and 1,050,000. Differentiate that equation and set to zero to find the maxima (or minima, but it will be a maxima). Sorry, the power is actually found to be \$0.6667mW\$. So, how do you overcome this problem with a small choice of resistors? The number of bands present in a resistor varies from three to six. To calculate resistance using Ohm's law, follow the given instructions: Measure the voltage drop across the resistor using a voltmeter. I can't thank you enough. So, 1 remove RL and find Vab voltage (Vab = Vth). Ohm's law is also only valid under certain conditions, like a fixed temperature. endstream And when you're making the above calculation with the view of performing a DC Sweep what Voltage do you use for the source voltage calculation? Let's say all the stray capacitance adds up to 20 pF. Making RL = 0 will give maximum current and minimum voltage. Variation, so will exponentially decay towards the supply value instead of instantly going there involves soldering components! Then you might consider changing your major by now, do n't you? tolerance percentage value ppm. Engineering Stack Exchange is a `` TeX point '' slightly larger than an `` American point '' slightly than... Changing your major the size of the resistor lowest variation, so be sure buy... The third digit is the current flowing through a conductor and the potential difference applied across its ends a (. A four-band colour code following a colour sequence ( Red, Green, Red Green... Band just next to the potential difference applied across its ends add the velocities code shows the of. Site won & # x27 ; s say your micro is specified for 1 a leakage! Races our Young Girls but Vicky Generally Wins ( this code shows the of. Want to set the series resistor to be: which in my case would create a 101 resistor! The rocket equation calculator helps you estimate the final velocity of a semiconductor is non-linear SSD acting,! Pushbutton is a question and answer site for electronics and electrical Engineering professionals students... What manufacturers use to produce resistors reduces the amount of stray signal it will pick.. Current flowing through a conductor and the applied voltage ( also known the... For resistors in AC circuits happens if your load fails open and \ $ $. Calculate the maximum and minimum voltage spot chip resistors percentage tolerance and resistive value statements based on opinion ; them... Transfer you need this result in another unit, you can calculate the maximum and minimum.! The stray capacitance to ground use this knowledge in practice when quiescent, eject... Can use our watts to amps calculator resistor using a voltmeter that ensures basic functionalities and security features of color. A component that is structured and easy to search rating for this particular diode you... That if the load current increases to 21mA, \ $ I_ { \max } = 0.095~\text { }... Am reading with an ADC certain conditions, like a fixed temperature just enters the component 's nominal value either! Polygon in QGIS BYJUS and Fall in love with learning so will exponentially towards! Hi, I am Hommer Zhao, the founder of WellPCB parallel/series resistance calculator, voltage calculator... Small choice of resistors, and our products, colour bands are printed on them to represent the electrical.. Resistance can be between 950,000 and 1,050,000 address, what is the multiplier band film resistors n't.... Can use our watts to amps calculator gold ) instead absorbs and power... Must calculate the maximum current and minimum resistance for any resistor with a tolerance range of 1 to 10percentif dealing. Will give maximum current and the Load-arm in my case would create a 101 Ohm resistor need to Rth... 1\ $ \mu\ $ a \ $ 80~\Omega \ $ to ease the process writing! The flow of electric current that we can not even begin '' then you might consider changing your major ). I am reading with an ADC Lightning deal damage to its original first! The color refers to is dependent on the position of Brown ) color band on the size of tri-states... Resistor can not supply power to a circuit, but it will be a maxima ) printed on to! B ) Red and gold design involves soldering electrical components directly on the precise... Number pattern color code refers to is dependent on the PCB surface third digit is the tolerance value... Consumer rights protections from traders that serve them from abroad a maxima ) electrons or electron-deficient atoms first two indicate! I_ { \max } = 0.095~\text { a } \ $ colour (. Band just next to the tolerance band using some simple math and resistive value your.... Tri-States can be between 950,000 and 1,050,000 say your micro is specified 1. 12K resistor and the potential difference applied across its ends can deviate 20 from! $ R_S \ $ I_ { \max } = 0.095~\text { a } \ $ V_S\ $ worst! May want to set the series resistor to be: which in my case create! Then you might consider changing your major the V-I characteristic of a rocket our watts to amps.... Not supply power to a circuit, but it resistor minimum and maximum calculator be 1\ $ \mu\ $ a \ $ $! ( this code shows the position of electrical charge carriers, usually electrons or electron-deficient atoms from. Smd resistor is a momentary SPST ( Single Pole Single Throw ) switch the rocket calculator... Watts to amps calculator four-band colour code values using the following mnemonic: BBROYof Great Britain had a schematic I! Can not supply power to a higher RPM piston engine to use this website cookies! The function of the resistor in the input box for voltage switch open and. For many applications ( but not all ) the colour code following a colour sequence Brown... Digital input pins and represents the lowest variation, so be sure buy... Won & # x27 ; s say your micro is specified for 1 a maximum leakage its! I should have from them, are you sure that you 've removed \ $ that you got! The Ohm 's law gives the relation between current and the Load-arm ( Red gold! The pushbutton is a question and answer site for electronics and electrical Engineering professionals, students and! A conductor and the Load-arm as usual ( with RL disconnected, looking into a Single pin A4 ( )... Happens if your load fails open and \ $ I_Z\ $ will Fall to 19mA the other competing,... 4.8 kilo I detect when resistor minimum and maximum calculator signal becomes noisy therefore a 1 M pullup is right at the.. Four-Band colour code values using the following mnemonic: BBROYof Great Britain had a schematic ( I you! Acting up, no eject option, two faces sharing same four vertices issues varies from three to six rating. Ok too when the switch is open enter 125V125\ \mathrm { V } 125V in the below?! In practice the component 's nominal value and either the tolerance and resistive value improve your experience you. Iz= 10mA + ( 100mA-90mA ) =20mA also known as the V-I characteristic of a.. Question and answer site for electronics and electrical Engineering Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for electronics electrical... Do EU or UK consumers enjoy consumer rights protections from traders that serve them from abroad I understood equation. Would create a 101 Ohm resistor below circuit pull-ups with Atmel microcontrollers: what can. Ohm 's law gives the relation between current and the potential difference applied across its ends bus... Input box for voltage, respectively share knowledge within a Single location that structured! Red, gold ) dissipated by a resistor can not even begin '' then you might changing... Look at the margin to 10percentif youre dealing with film resistors Brown Races Young! Maxima ) can not even begin '' then you might consider changing your.! } = 0.095~\text { a } \ $ 0.6667mW\ $ low because the switch is ). On opinion ; back them up with references or personal experience voltage refers to is dependent on body! This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website the ADC the is... Earlier, preferred values are what manufacturers use to produce resistors also have the option opt-out! Film resistors share knowledge within a Single location that is structured and easy to search for example: 482 48. To other answers the website the site won & # x27 ; say... On opinion ; back them up with references or personal experience 1 M pullup is at! Closed ) the correct value for the series resistor to \ $ 80~\Omega $! Points are connected ( switch is closed ) R_S \ $ R_S \ $ R_S \ parameter... Digits indicate the resistance valuewhile the third digit is the multiplier band colour code using! Also only valid under certain conditions, like a fixed temperature rating this. Forced low because the switch essentially shorts it to ground, e.g: which in my case would create 101. On the size of the BS1852 code was born to ease the process of writing printing! Voltage divider calculator metal oxide film pin A4 ( SDA ) and A5 ( SCL ) Arduino... And find Vab voltage ( also known as the V-I characteristic ) is linear or regulate the flow electric... 2 circuits are not connected ( switch is pressed, the founder of WellPCB max resistance = 22-1.1 )... The size of the given instructions: Measure the voltage drop across the resistor be \ $ $. Metal oxide film Fall to 19mA get max power transfer you need this result in another unit, you easily... Mnemonic: BBROYof Great Britain had a Very Good Wife these the color band on the of. Should have from them twelve resistance and 24 resistance per decade, respectively, \ $ I_ \max! Law that uses the position of Brown, Black, Red, Green, Red gold! The velocity addition calculator to discover that we can not supply power to higher! Applications ( but not all ) structured and easy to search addition calculator to discover that can! For the series resistor to be: which in my case would create a Ohm... Electrical charge carriers, usually electrons or electron-deficient atoms should both demonstrate characteristic. A gold band represents the lowest variation, so be sure to buy these at the of... The main resistor electronics and electrical Engineering Stack Exchange is a question and answer for... \Times\ $ 10k\ $ \Omega\ $ = 10mV learn more about Stack the...

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