The campaign in North Africa began with a daring Anglo-American commando raid code-named Operation RESERVIST. [29] According to Leo Valiani, the Action Party representative on the CLNAI, the decision to execute Mussolini was taken on the night of 27/28 April by a group acting on behalf of the CLNAI comprising himself, Sandro Pertini, and the communists Emilio Sereni and Luigi Longo. He took his mistress, Clara Petacci, and fled north where the pair joined a German convoy headed to the Swiss border. On April 25th, he, his paramour Petacci, a small convoy of bitter-enders, and a handful of German guards left Milan and headed north towards Lake Como on the Swiss border. Virtually every land on earth has a creator figure, a father of his country: Charlemagne for the French, Peter the Great for the Russians, George Washington for the Americans. He was a bully at school and moody at home. Mussolini and Petacci were executed the following afternoon, two days before Adolf Hitler's suicide. KOMPAS.com - Benito Mussolini adalah seorang politisi yang dikenal sebagai diktator fasis Italia antara 1925-1945. WebMussolini was survived by his wife, Rachele Mussolini, two sons, Vittorio and Romano Mussolini, and his daughters Edda (the widow of Count Ciano) and Anna Maria. Many historians have written about the famous Buffalo Soldiers of the all-Black 92nd Infantry Division, who fought with distinction during World War II. Audisio said he read out a sentence of death, whereas Lampredi omitted this. On 25 April he fled Milan, where he had been based, and headed towards the Swiss border. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Without Hitlers military intervention, a coup surely would have toppled Mussolini in 1941. Here are 13 facts about one of the darkest political figures of the 20th century. Mussolini had formed an alliance with Hitler in 1939, and this ultimately brought about his downfall. Benito Mussolini served as the Prime Minister of Italy from 1922 to 1943, and his death marked the end of a brutal era in Italian history. [5], On 18 April 1945, Mussolini left Gargnano, a village near Sal where he had been residing, and moved, with his entire government, to Milan and based himself in the city's prefecture. Life in Mussolinis Italy was somewhat different from other dictatorships. For all these reasons it was seen as significant that he largely confirmed Audisio's account. In later years he expressed pride in his humble origins and often spoke of himself as a man of the people. The Mussolini family was, in fact, less humble than he claimedhis father, a part-time socialist journalist as well as a blacksmith, was the son of a lieutenant in the National Guard, and his mother was a schoolteacherbut the Mussolinis were certainly poor. According to Bellini delle Stelle no other discussion or formalities concerning the decision to execute them took place.[44]. Members of the Fascist government and the gerarchi[note 3] of fascism who are guilty of suppressing constitutional guarantees, destroying popular liberties, creating the Fascist regime, compromising and betraying the fate of the country, and leading it to the present catastrophe are to be punished with the penalty of death, and in less serious instances life imprisonment. A note left behind said the Fascist Party would no longer tolerate the cannibal slurs made by human dregs organized in the Communist Party.. According to Lonati, he and "John" went to the De Maria farmhouse in the morning of 28 April and killed Mussolini and Petacci at about 11:00a.m.[82][87] In 2004, the Italian state television channel, RAI, broadcast a documentary, co-produced by Tompkins, in which the theory was put forward. [75], Audisio was first named in a series of articles in the newspaper Il Tempo in March 1947 and the Communist Party subsequently confirmed Audisio's involvement. He was later rescued by the Germans and placed as the man in charge of northern Italy. Then, the final indignity: the posthumous desecration. She also said that she herself had heard the shots and that she "looked at the clock, it was almost 11". The partisans, led by Pier Luigi Bellini delle Stelle and Urbano Lazzaro, recognised one of the fascists, but not Mussolini at this stage. [35][36] On arrival in Dongo, they met Pier Luigi Bellini delle Stelle, who was the local partisan commander, to arrange for Mussolini to be handed over to them. [40] The vehicle pulled up at the entrance of the Villa Belmonte on a narrow road known as via XXIV maggio and Mussolini and Petacci were told to get out and stand by the villa's wall. But how exactly did Mussolini die? WebAnswer (1 of 6): Benito Mussolini was captured along with several of this top ranking officers while he was trying to flee to Switzerland, along with his lover and a certain amount of money and precious items. Eventually Mussolini was discovered slumped in one of the convoy vehicles. The Allied victory against the Axis was a long journeyone that actually took much longer than the war itself. Italian fascism was a right-wing nationalist ideology that many, including Hitler, considered the big brother of Nazism. He was expelled and sent to the Giosu Carducci School at Forlimpopoli, from which he was also expelled after assaulting yet another pupil with his penknife. The young journalist and firebrand was arrested and imprisoned several times for fostering violence in this way, including his support of one violent workers strike in Switzerland in 1903. These lands, he said, were Italia irredentaunredeemed Italy.. And by the mid-1930s, he began truly looking to assert his power beyond Italys borders. The whereabouts of the body was kept a secret, even from Mussolini's family. The list of those who wrecked their homeland is shorter. That connection was not lost on the residents of Milan, who then took out 20 years of frustration and fury on the corpses. Still not satisfied, partisans rounded up 15 suspected Fascists and executed them in the same fashion. She added, it was as if he had turned to stone. According to Longo, he did so with the words "go and shoot him". However, just because Mussolinis death was now over, doesnt mean the story was. Jenny Craig Institute for the Study of War and Democracy, Operation FLAX, April 1943: Severing the German, General William H. Simpsons Ninth US Army and the Crossing of the Rhine, Black Volunteer Infantry Platoons in World War II, Kasserine Pass: German Offensive, American Victory, Gallantry against Great Odds: LTC George Marshall and Operation RESERVIST, Prelude to Liberation: Genesis of American Amphibious Assault in the ETO. At least twelve different individuals have, at various times, been claimed to be the killer. Italy fared poorly from the outset, with ignominious defeats in North Africa, Greece, and the Soviet Union. The next day, their captors brought the pair to the small town of Giulino de Mezzegra on the shores of Lake Como and executed them in a hail of machine gun fire. In another eight months, the people of Milan would get their revenge on Mussolini in an act that was equally as savage. Some journalists, politicians and historians, doubting the veracity of Audisio's account, have advanced a wide variety of theories and speculation as to how Mussolini died and who was responsible. Joseph Stalin died on March 5, 1953, after apparently suffering a stroke but some suspect that he was actually poisoned. He had a party behind him, of course, the Fascists, and he could call on squads of tough guys in blackshirt uniform (Camicie Nere) to beat down his opponents. Togliatti said he had done so by a radio message on 26 April 1945 with the words: Only one thing is needed to decide that they [Mussolini and the other fascist leaders] must pay with their lives: the question of their identity. The Duce, many said, made the trains run on time.. Eventually, in 1957, his remains were allowed to be interred in the Mussolini family crypt in his home town of Predappio. All of those propaganda posters and photos had now truly come back to haunt him. Also Known As: Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini. What was Benito Mussolinis role in World War II? The Fhrer convinced Il Duce to set up a Fascist state in northern Italy where it all began with Milan as its headquarters. The two were executed in 1943 by Italian partisans as they tried to escape to Switzerland, and their bodies were hung upside down in Milan. While these blackshirt squads cropped up all over northern Italy setting fire to government buildings, killing opponents by the hundreds Mussolini himself called for a general workers strike in 1922, as well as a march on Rome. Whatever the case, his family was told that he died in the war. [6], Before long, it was noted that there were discrepancies between Audisio's original story published in L'Unit, subsequent versions that he provided and the versions of events provided by others. Modern mechanized armies need a robust logistics chain to provide fuel, ammunition, and other sinews of war to sustain combat operations. British war plans in the 1930s, in fact, flirted with abandoning the entire Mediterranean to Mussolini in the event of a conflict, so worried were the British that they could not resist his attacks. [23] Lazzaro later said that: His face was like wax and his stare glassy, but somehow blind. One of the new regime's primary goals was to win military glory for Italy, to restore Italy to the grandeur of ancient times. However, to reflect this lack of governmental or judicial authority, sources on the subject have used the term with quotation marks. WebIn all, a dozen people died, but after the march the Fascists inflated that death toll to a whopping and false 3,000 to make their struggle appear all the more heroic. [51], Their bodies were left in a heap, and by 9:00a.m. a considerable crowd had gathered. Thus Mussolini could only watch, align himself with Hitler fully, and declare war against Germanys enemies. I read utter exhaustion, but not fear Mussolini seemed completely lacking in will, spiritually dead. However, the reason given by those involved in hanging Mussolini and the others in this way was to protect the bodies from the mob. Benito Mussolinis fascist regime was often depicted as inept and ridiculed for its comic appearances. Some historians go as far as claiming that this marked the start of World War II. When Alexander took command on February 20, 1943, one of his first tasks was to assess II Corps combat readiness after its setbacks during its early engagements around Kasserine Pass. On April 28, 1945, Il Duce, Benito Mussolini, and his mistress, Clara Petacci, are shot by Italian partisans who had captured the couple as they attempted to flee to Switzerland. General William H. Simpson, commander of Ninth Army, has received little attention in the historiography of World War II. He must be handed over to a tribunal of the people so it can judge him quickly. It was here that he learned Germany had begun negotiations for Mussolinis surrender, which sent him into a fearful rage. The Italians convinced the West that their former pact with the Nazis was water under the bridge. Now, Mussolini was in deep. [20][86] Journalist Peter Tompkins claimed to have established that "John" was Robert Maccarrone, a British SOE agent who had Sicilian ancestry. In it, he outlined the major political philosophies of nationalism and militarism and violent extremism that would direct his later life. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Benito-Mussolini, Jewish Virtual Library - Biography of Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum - Biography of Benito Mussolini, The National WWII Museum - Death of the Duce, Benito Mussolini, History Learning Site - Biography of Benito Mussolini, Benito Mussolini - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Benito Mussolini - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). The assassination marked a serious crisis for Mussolinis regime.After Matteottis sudden disappearance, he first denied having anything to do with it. Benito Mussolini, second from left, hanging upside-down in Milans public square. By May of 1936, the capital city of Addis Ababa fell to the Italian army, which forced emperor Haile Selassie I into a forced exile (via Britannica).). Rather than Fascism, its probably better to think of Italy in those days as being under the rule of mussolinismo: Mussolini-ism.. Financed by the French government and Italian industrialists, both of whom favoured war against Austria, he assumed the editorship of Il Popolo dItalia (The People of Italy), in which he unequivocally stated his new philosophy: From today onward we are all Italians and nothing but Italians. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. In any event, on 27 April, he joined a Luftwaffe column travelling in convoy and retreating northwards to Germany.[22]. With the Spring 1945 offensive in Italy bringing a final collapse of the German army's Gothic Line in April, total defeat for the Sal Republic and its German protectors was imminent. The abolition of unions and the loss of the strike weapon were devastating blows to Italian labor, from which management clearly benefited. A maddened crowd howling epithets of hatred and derision. With German SS soldiers looking on, Mussolinis men opened fire and killed them. Allegedly, it was part of a "cover up" to retrieve "secret agreements" and compromising correspondence between the two men, which Mussolini was carrying when he was captured by partisans. At the same time, the corporative structure allowed the Mussolini regime to direct the nation's economic life and make decisions about production and distribution that were normally in the hands of the industrialists. Early life After the Allies invaded North Africa in late 1942, war came to Italys doorstep. As for Benito Mussolinis death, that story wasnt over yet. [29], A senior communist in Milan, Luigi Longo, said that the order came from the General Command of the partisan military units "in application of a CLNAI decision". The south was in ruins as Allied troops advanced. Rachele Mussolini recalled that Il Duces excruciating silence hit her the hardest when the couple found out about Brunos accident. His political beliefs took a hairpin turn to the right midway through World War I, when he stopped decrying the war effort and began advocating for it. [Long live Italy! [77], In his 1993 book Dongo: half a century of lies, the partisan leader Urbano Lazzaro repeated a claim he had made earlier that Luigi Longo and not Audisio, was "Colonnello Valerio". Another few miles and Mussolini would have been free. His views were so extreme that the Socialist Party even kicked him out and he resigned from their newspaper. Mussolini had come incredibly close to reaching Switzerland; the resort town of Como literally shares a border with it. Setelah Jerman menyerah di Italia pada 1945, Benito Mussolini /*-->
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